ISSAC NEWTON

Godfrey Kneller's 1689 portrait of Isaac Newton (aged 46)
Born	4 January 1643(1643-01-04) [OS: 25 December 1642][1] Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth Lincolnshire, England
Died	31 March 1727 (aged 84) [OS: 20 March 1726][1] Kensington, Middlesex, England
Residence	England
Citizenship	English
Nationality	English (British from 1707)
Fields	Physics, mathematics, astronomy, natural philosophy, alchemy, theology
Institutions	University of Cambridge Royal Society Royal Mint
Alma mater	Trinity College, Cambridge
Academic advisors	Isaac Barrow[2] Benjamin Pulleyn[3][4]
Notable students	Roger Cotes William Whiston
Known for	Newtonian mechanics Universal gravitation Calculus Optics
Influences	Henry More
Influenced	Nicolas Fatio de Duillier John Keill
Religious stance	Arianism; for details see article
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Isaac Newton (England, 1642-1727) derived mathematical laws of mechanics
that seemed perfection itself. Although superseded by Einstein's theory of General Relativity, Newton's equations are still used to calculate all but the most extreme motions. Newton also shares the credit with Leibniz for the development of calculus in mathematics.
Newtons's First Law
Every object continues in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a straight line, unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed upon it.

Newton's Second Law states that an applied force, , on an object equals the rate of change of its momentum, , with time. Mathematically, this is expressed as

Newton's Third Law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

JAMES PRESCOTT JOULE

James Joule - Physicist
Born	24 December 1818 Salford, Lancashire, England(1818-12-24)
Died	11 October 1889 (aged 70) Sale, Cheshire, England
Citizenship	British
Fields	Physics
Known for	First Law of Thermodynamics
Influences	John Dalton John Davies

James Prescott Joule FRS (pronounced /ˈdʒuːl/;^[1] 24 December 1818 – 11 October 1889) was an English physicist and brewer, born in Salford, Lancashire. Joule studied the nature of heat, and discovered its relationship to mechanical work (see energy). This led to the theory of conservation of energy, which led to the development of the first law of thermodynamics. The SI derived unit of energy, the joule, is named after him. He worked with Lord Kelvin to develop the absolute scale of temperature, made observations on magnetostriction, and found the relationship between the current through a resistance and the heat dissipated, now called Joule's law.

KARL MARX

Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818 – March 14, 1883) was a German^[1] philosopher, political economist, historian, sociologist, humanist, political theorist and revolutionary credited as the founder of communism.

Marx summarized his approach to history and politics in the opening line of the first chapter of The Communist Manifesto (1848): “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles”. Marx argued that capitalism, like previous socioeconomic systems, will produce internal tensions which will lead to its destruction.^[2] Just as capitalism replaced feudalism, communism will in its turn replace capitalism and lead to a stateless, classless society which emerging after a transitional period, the 'dictatorship of the proletariat'.^[3][4][5]

On the one hand, Marx argued for a systemic understanding of socio-economic change. He argued that the structural contradictions within capitalism necessitate its end, giving way to communism:

“	The development of Modern Industry, therefore, cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products. What the bourgeoisie, therefore, produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable.	”
	— (The Communist Manifesto)[6]

On the other hand, Marx argued that socio-economic change occurred through organized revolutionary action. He argued that capitalism will end through the organized actions of an international working class, led by a Communist Party: "Communism is for us not a state of affairs which is to be established, an ideal to which reality [will] have to adjust itself. We call communism the real movement which abolishes the present state of things. The conditions of this movement result from the premises now in existence." (from The German Ideology)

While Marx remained a relatively obscure figure in his own lifetime, his ideas began to exert a major influence on workers' movements shortly after his death. This influence gained added impetus with the victory of the Marxist Bolsheviks in the Russian October Revolution, and there are few parts of the world which were not significantly touched by Marxian ideas in the course of the twentieth century.

ALBERT EINSTEIN

Albert Einstein, 1921
Born	14 March 1879 (1879-03-14) Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg, German Empire
Died	April 18, 1955 (1955-04-19) (aged 76) Princeton, New Jersey, USA
Residence	Germany, Italy, Switzerland, USA
Citizenship	Württemberg/Germany (1879–96) Switzerland (1901–55) Austria (1911–12) Germany (1914–33) United States (1940–55)
Ethnicity	Ashkenazi Jewish
Fields	Physics
Institutions	Swiss Patent Office (Berne) University of Zurich German Karl-Ferdinands-Universität, Prague ETH Zurich Prussian Academy of Sciences Kaiser Wilhelm Institute University of Leiden Institute for Advanced Study
Alma mater	ETH Zurich University of Zurich
Doctoral advisor	Alfred Kleiner
Other academic advisors	Heinrich Friedrich Weber
Notable students	Ernst G. Straus Nathan Rosen
Known for	General relativity Special relativity Photoelectric effect Brownian motion Mass-energy equivalence Einstein field equations Unified Field Theory Bose–Einstein statistics
Notable awards	Nobel Prize in Physics (1921) Copley Medal (1925) Max Planck Medal (1929) Person of the Century

In 1922 Einstein was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics, "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". This refers to his 1905 paper on the photoelectric effect: "On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light", which was well supported by the experimental evidence by that time

MICHAEL FARADAY

Michael Faraday (1791-1867)
Born	22 September 1791(1791-09-22) Newington Butts, Surrey, England
Died	25 August 1867 (aged 75) Hampton Court, Surrey, England
Residence	England
Citizenship	United Kingdom
Nationality	British
Fields	Physics and Chemistry
Institutions	Royal Institution
Known for	Faraday's law of induction Electrochemistry Faraday effect Faraday cage Faraday constant Faraday cup Faraday's laws of electrolysis Faraday paradox Faraday rotator Faraday-efficiency effect Faraday wave Faraday wheel Lines of force
Influences	Humphry Davy William Thomas Brande
Notable awards	Royal Medal (1835 & 1846) Copley Medal (1832 & 1838) Rumford Medal (1846)
Religious stance	Sandemanian[1]
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